Chen, J., Tang, Yu. H., Yin, Y. P., Pang, D. W., Cui, Z. Y., Zheng, M. J., Peng, D. L., Yang, W. B., Yang, D. Q., Li, Y. X., Wang, Z. L. and Li, Y. (2015). Effects of straw returning plus nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen utilization and grain yield in winter wheat. Acta Agron. Sin. 41: 160-67. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2015.00160.
Chen, L., Sun, S., Yao, B., Peng, Y., Gao, C., Qin, T., Zhou, Y., Sun, C. and Quan, W. (2022). Effects of straw return and straw biochar on soil properties and crop growth: A review. Front. Plant Sci. 13: doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.986763.
Chengzhi, C., Jidong, C. and Wenfang, C. (2024). Potential yields of two staple cereal crops worldwide under global warming. Farm. Manage. 9: 1-11.
Gao, F., Li, B., Ren, B., Zhao, B., Liu, P. and Zhang, J. (2022). Achieve simultaneous increase in straw resources efficiency and nitrogen efficiency under crop yield stabilization–A case study of NCP in China for up to 8 years. Field Crops Res. 278: doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108431.
Han, X., Xu, C., Dungait, J. A. J., Bol, R., Wang, X., Wu, W. and Meng, F. (2018). Straw incorporation increases crop yield and soil organic carbon sequestration but varies under different natural conditions and farming practices in China: a system analysis. Biogeosciences 15: 1933-46. doi:10.5194/bg-15-1933-2018.
Hu, J., Guan, X., Liang, X., Wang, B., Chen, X., He, X., Xie, J., Deng, G., Chen, J., Li, X., Qiu, C., Qian, Y., Peng, C., Zhang, K. and Chen, J. (2024). Optimizing the nitrogen fertilizer management to maximize the benefit of straw returning on early rice yield by modulating soil N availability. Agriculture 14: doi:10.3390/agriculture14071168.
Jaćimović, G., Aćin, V., Mirosavljević, M., Brbaklić, L., Vujić, S., Dunđerski, D. and Seremešić, S. (2023). Effects of combined long-term straw return and nitrogen fertilization on wheat productivity and soil properties in the wheat-maize-soybean rotation system in the Pannonian Plain. Agronomy 13: doi:10.3390/agronomy13061529.
Ju, X. T., Kou, C. L., Christie, P., Dou, Z. X. and Zhang, F. S. (2007). Changes in the soil environment from excessive application of fertilizers and manures to two contrasting intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain. Environ. Poll. 145: 497-506. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.04.017.
Jun, C. (2012). Effects of straw returning, nitrogen fertilizer and density on wheat yield and quality. Thesis submitted to Nanjing Agricultural Univercity, China.
Kira, O., Shaviv, A. and Dubowski, Y. (2019). Direct tracing of NH3 and N2O emissions associated with urea fertilization approaches, using static incubation cells. Sci. Total Environ.. 661: 75-85. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.128.
Li, H., Liu, Y., Jiao, X., Li, J., Liu, K., Wu, T., Zhang, Z. and Luo, D. (2023). Response of soil nutrients retention and rice growth to biochar in straw returning paddy fields. Chemosphere 312: doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137244.
Li, R. C., Tian, Y. G., Wang, F., Sun, Y. F., Lin, B. J., Dang, Y. P., Zhao, X., Zhang, H. L. and Xu, Z. Y. (2024). Optimizing the rate of straw returning to balance trade-offs between carbon emission budget and rice yield in China. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 47: 166-77. doi:10.1016/j.spc.2024.03.026.
Li, S., Li, Y, Li, X., Tian, X., Zhao, A., Wang, S., Wang, S. and Shi, J. (2016). Effect of straw management on carbon sequestration and grain production in a maize–wheat cropping system in Anthrosol of the Guanzhong Plain. Soil Tillage Res. 157: 43-51. doi:10.1016/j.still.2015.11.002.
Li, Y., Chang, S. X., Tian, L. and Zhang, Q. (2018). Conservation agriculture practices increase soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in agricultural soils: A global meta-analysis. Soil Biol. Biochem. 121: 50-58. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.02.024.
Liu, Z., Gao, F., Liu, Y., Yang, J., Zhen, X., Xinxin, L., Li, Y., Zhao, J., Li, J., Qian, B., Yang, D. and Li, X. (2019). Timing and splitting of nitrogen fertilizer supply to increase crop yield and efficiency of nitrogen utilization in a wheat–peanut relay intercropping system in China. Crop J. 7: 101-12. doi:10.1016/j.cj.2018.08.006.
Lou, Y., Xu, M., Wang, W., Sun, X. and Zhao, K. (2011). Return rate of straw residue affects soil organic C sequestration by chemical fertilization. Soil Tillage Res.. 113: 70-73. doi:10.1016/j.still.2011.01.007.
Ma, P., Zhang, K. Y., Liao, X. H., Aer, L. S., Yang, E. L., Deng, J., Zhou, L. and Zhang R. P. (2023). Effects of nitrogen application rate on dry matter weight and yield of direct-seeded rice under straw return. Agronomy 13: doi:10.3390/agronomy13123058.
Ma, Y., Shen, Y. and Liu, Y. (2020). State of the art of straw treatment technology: Challenges and solutions forward. Bioresour. Technol. 313: doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123656.
Mei, S., Shu, W. and Yang, X. (2019). Straw returning and nitrogen application on winter wheat quality and yield under wheat-maize multiple cropping system. Ekoloji Dergisi. pp: 2183-92.
Meng, C., Tian, D., Zeng, H., Li, Z., Chen, Y. H. and Niu, S. (2020). Global meta-analysis on the responses of soil extracellular enzyme activities to warming. Sci. Total Environ. 705: doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135992.
Mingming, H. A. N. and L. I. Wenqian. (2024). Effects of straw returning and basal/topdressing ratio of nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and nitrogen efficiency of winter wheat. Chinese Agric. Sci. Bull. 40: 39-44. (In Chinese)
Motasim, A. M., Samsuri, A. W., Nabayi, A., Akter, A., Haque, M. A., Sukor, A. S. A. and Adibah, A. M. (2024). Urea application in soil: Processes, losses, and alternatives - A review. Discover Agric.. 2: doi:10.1007/s44279-024-00060-z.
Mukhomedyarova, A. S., Kushenbekova, A. K., Elekesheva, M. M., Gumarova, Z. M. and Bulekova, A. A. (2023). Influence of nitrogen mineral fertilizer application methods on the preservation and yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Res. Crop. 24: 241-49.
Pan, Y. Q., Tung, S. A., Yang, L., Wang, Y and Zhou, X. B. (2021). Effect of straw return and nitrogen application rate on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of double-season maize. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 22: 660-73. doi:10.1007/s42729-021-00676-w.
Qi, D. and C. Pan. (2022). Responses of shoot biomass accumulation, distribution, and nitrogen use efficiency of maize to nitrogen application rates under waterlogging. Agric. Water Manag. 261: doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107352.
Qiao, Y. Q., Cao, C. F., Zhao, Z., Du, S. Z., Zhang, Y. H., Liu, Y. H. and Zhang, S. H. (2013). Effects of straw returning and N fertilizer application on yield, quality and occurrence of Fusarium head blight of wheat. J. Triticeae Crops 33: 727–73.
Rout, R. K., Mahapatra, A., Shankar, T., Adhikari, R., Panda, M. and Sial, A. K. (2022). Growth and productivity of maize in response to straw mulch and nitrogen management. Crop Res. 57: 156-60.
Souza, R. C., Solly, E. F., Dawes, M. A., Graf, F., Hagedorn, F., Egli, S., Clement, C. R., Nagy, L., Rixen, C. and Peter, M. (2017). Responses of soil extracellular enzyme activities to experimental warming and CO2 enrichment at the alpine treeline. Plant Soil 416: 527-37. doi:10.1007/s11104-017-3235-8.
Sui, P., Tian, P., Lian, H., Wang, Z., Ma, Z., Qi, H., Mei, N., Sun, Y., Wang, Y., Su, Y., Meng, G. and Jiang, Y. (2020). Straw incorporation management affects maize grain yield through regulating nitrogen uptake, water use efficiency, and root distribution. Agronomy 10: doi:10. 3390/agronomy10030324.
Sun, L., Ma, X. Liu, K., Zheng, X. Zhang, X. and Rong, L. (2018). A review on research advances on microbial treatment and strengthening techniques of crop straw. J. Shenyang Univ. 30: 188-95.
Wang, X. Y., Zhao, S., Zheng, X. F., Wang, Z. H. and He, G. (2021). Effects of straw returning and nitrogen application rate on grain yield and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat. Sci. Agric. Sin. 23: 5043-53. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.23.010.
Wikipedia (2025). Urea. In Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea.
Wu, G., Ling, J., Liu, Z. X., Xu, Y. P., Chen, X. M., Wen, Y. and Zhou, S. L. (2022). Soil warming and straw return impacts on winter wheat phenology, photosynthesis, root growth, and grain yield in the North China Plain. Field Crops Res. 283: doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108545.
Wu, Y., Wang, P., Yu, S., Wang, L., Li, P., Li, Z., Mehmood, K., Liu, W., Wu, J., Lichtfouse, E., Rosenfeld, D. and Seinfeld, J. H. (2018). Residential emissions predicted as a major source of fine particulate matter in winter over the Yangtze River Delta, China. Environm. Chem, Lett. 16: 1117-27. doi:10.1007/s10311-018-0735-6.
Xu, X., Pang, D., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Zheng, M., Yin, Y., Li, Y., Li, Y. and Wang, Z. (2018). Straw return accompany with low nitrogen moderately promoted deep root. Field Crops Res. 221: 71-80. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2018.02.009.
Ye, W. P., Xie, X. L., Wang. K. R. and Li, Z. G. (2008). Effects of rice straw manuring in different periods on growth and yield of rice. Chin. J. Rice Sci. 22: 65–70 (in Chinese with English Abstract)
Yu, J., Hou, P., Gao, Q., Tan, Q., Jiang, D., Dai, T. and Tian, Z. (2024). Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer and straw management promote root extension and nitrogen uptake to improve grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 70: 1-17. doi:10.1080/03650340.2024.2316232.
Jhang, H., Bai, N., Zheng, X., Li, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., Zhou, S., Sun H. and Lyu, W. (2021). Effects of straw returning and fertilization on soil bacterial and fungal community structures and diversities in rice-wheat rotation soil. Chinese J. Eco-Agric. 29: 531-39. doi:10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.200502.
Zhang, M., Geng, Y., Cao, G., Zou, X., Qi, X. and Stephano, M. F. (2021). Effect of magnesium fertilizer combined with straw return on nitrogen use efficiency. Agronomy J. 113: 345-57. doi:10.1002/agj2.20483.
Zhang, R., Yu, H., Zhang, W., Li, W., Su, H., Wu, S., Xu, Q., Li, Y. and Yao, H. (2024). Straw return enhances grain yield and quality of three main crops: evidence from a meta-analysis. Front. Plant Sci. 15: doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1433220.
Zhang, X., Zhao, Z., Li, Y., Li, F., Sun, Y. and Cai, H. (2024). Meta-analysis of the effects of straw incorporation on maize yield and water use efficiency in china under different production conditions. Agronomy 14: doi:10.3390/agronomy14081784.
Zhao, S., He, P., Qiu, S., Jia, L., Liu, M., Jin, J. and Johnston, A. M. (2014). Long-term effects of potassium fertilization and straw return on soil potassium levels and crop yields in north-central China. Field Crops Res. 169: 116-22. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2014.09.017.
Chen, L., Sun, S., Yao, B., Peng, Y., Gao, C., Qin, T., Zhou, Y., Sun, C. and Quan, W. (2022). Effects of straw return and straw biochar on soil properties and crop growth: A review. Front. Plant Sci. 13: doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.986763.
Chengzhi, C., Jidong, C. and Wenfang, C. (2024). Potential yields of two staple cereal crops worldwide under global warming. Farm. Manage. 9: 1-11.
Gao, F., Li, B., Ren, B., Zhao, B., Liu, P. and Zhang, J. (2022). Achieve simultaneous increase in straw resources efficiency and nitrogen efficiency under crop yield stabilization–A case study of NCP in China for up to 8 years. Field Crops Res. 278: doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108431.
Han, X., Xu, C., Dungait, J. A. J., Bol, R., Wang, X., Wu, W. and Meng, F. (2018). Straw incorporation increases crop yield and soil organic carbon sequestration but varies under different natural conditions and farming practices in China: a system analysis. Biogeosciences 15: 1933-46. doi:10.5194/bg-15-1933-2018.
Hu, J., Guan, X., Liang, X., Wang, B., Chen, X., He, X., Xie, J., Deng, G., Chen, J., Li, X., Qiu, C., Qian, Y., Peng, C., Zhang, K. and Chen, J. (2024). Optimizing the nitrogen fertilizer management to maximize the benefit of straw returning on early rice yield by modulating soil N availability. Agriculture 14: doi:10.3390/agriculture14071168.
Jaćimović, G., Aćin, V., Mirosavljević, M., Brbaklić, L., Vujić, S., Dunđerski, D. and Seremešić, S. (2023). Effects of combined long-term straw return and nitrogen fertilization on wheat productivity and soil properties in the wheat-maize-soybean rotation system in the Pannonian Plain. Agronomy 13: doi:10.3390/agronomy13061529.
Ju, X. T., Kou, C. L., Christie, P., Dou, Z. X. and Zhang, F. S. (2007). Changes in the soil environment from excessive application of fertilizers and manures to two contrasting intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain. Environ. Poll. 145: 497-506. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.04.017.
Jun, C. (2012). Effects of straw returning, nitrogen fertilizer and density on wheat yield and quality. Thesis submitted to Nanjing Agricultural Univercity, China.
Kira, O., Shaviv, A. and Dubowski, Y. (2019). Direct tracing of NH3 and N2O emissions associated with urea fertilization approaches, using static incubation cells. Sci. Total Environ.. 661: 75-85. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.128.
Li, H., Liu, Y., Jiao, X., Li, J., Liu, K., Wu, T., Zhang, Z. and Luo, D. (2023). Response of soil nutrients retention and rice growth to biochar in straw returning paddy fields. Chemosphere 312: doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137244.
Li, R. C., Tian, Y. G., Wang, F., Sun, Y. F., Lin, B. J., Dang, Y. P., Zhao, X., Zhang, H. L. and Xu, Z. Y. (2024). Optimizing the rate of straw returning to balance trade-offs between carbon emission budget and rice yield in China. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 47: 166-77. doi:10.1016/j.spc.2024.03.026.
Li, S., Li, Y, Li, X., Tian, X., Zhao, A., Wang, S., Wang, S. and Shi, J. (2016). Effect of straw management on carbon sequestration and grain production in a maize–wheat cropping system in Anthrosol of the Guanzhong Plain. Soil Tillage Res. 157: 43-51. doi:10.1016/j.still.2015.11.002.
Li, Y., Chang, S. X., Tian, L. and Zhang, Q. (2018). Conservation agriculture practices increase soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in agricultural soils: A global meta-analysis. Soil Biol. Biochem. 121: 50-58. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.02.024.
Liu, Z., Gao, F., Liu, Y., Yang, J., Zhen, X., Xinxin, L., Li, Y., Zhao, J., Li, J., Qian, B., Yang, D. and Li, X. (2019). Timing and splitting of nitrogen fertilizer supply to increase crop yield and efficiency of nitrogen utilization in a wheat–peanut relay intercropping system in China. Crop J. 7: 101-12. doi:10.1016/j.cj.2018.08.006.
Lou, Y., Xu, M., Wang, W., Sun, X. and Zhao, K. (2011). Return rate of straw residue affects soil organic C sequestration by chemical fertilization. Soil Tillage Res.. 113: 70-73. doi:10.1016/j.still.2011.01.007.
Ma, P., Zhang, K. Y., Liao, X. H., Aer, L. S., Yang, E. L., Deng, J., Zhou, L. and Zhang R. P. (2023). Effects of nitrogen application rate on dry matter weight and yield of direct-seeded rice under straw return. Agronomy 13: doi:10.3390/agronomy13123058.
Ma, Y., Shen, Y. and Liu, Y. (2020). State of the art of straw treatment technology: Challenges and solutions forward. Bioresour. Technol. 313: doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123656.
Mei, S., Shu, W. and Yang, X. (2019). Straw returning and nitrogen application on winter wheat quality and yield under wheat-maize multiple cropping system. Ekoloji Dergisi. pp: 2183-92.
Meng, C., Tian, D., Zeng, H., Li, Z., Chen, Y. H. and Niu, S. (2020). Global meta-analysis on the responses of soil extracellular enzyme activities to warming. Sci. Total Environ. 705: doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135992.
Mingming, H. A. N. and L. I. Wenqian. (2024). Effects of straw returning and basal/topdressing ratio of nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and nitrogen efficiency of winter wheat. Chinese Agric. Sci. Bull. 40: 39-44. (In Chinese)
Motasim, A. M., Samsuri, A. W., Nabayi, A., Akter, A., Haque, M. A., Sukor, A. S. A. and Adibah, A. M. (2024). Urea application in soil: Processes, losses, and alternatives - A review. Discover Agric.. 2: doi:10.1007/s44279-024-00060-z.
Mukhomedyarova, A. S., Kushenbekova, A. K., Elekesheva, M. M., Gumarova, Z. M. and Bulekova, A. A. (2023). Influence of nitrogen mineral fertilizer application methods on the preservation and yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Res. Crop. 24: 241-49.
Pan, Y. Q., Tung, S. A., Yang, L., Wang, Y and Zhou, X. B. (2021). Effect of straw return and nitrogen application rate on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of double-season maize. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 22: 660-73. doi:10.1007/s42729-021-00676-w.
Qi, D. and C. Pan. (2022). Responses of shoot biomass accumulation, distribution, and nitrogen use efficiency of maize to nitrogen application rates under waterlogging. Agric. Water Manag. 261: doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107352.
Qiao, Y. Q., Cao, C. F., Zhao, Z., Du, S. Z., Zhang, Y. H., Liu, Y. H. and Zhang, S. H. (2013). Effects of straw returning and N fertilizer application on yield, quality and occurrence of Fusarium head blight of wheat. J. Triticeae Crops 33: 727–73.
Rout, R. K., Mahapatra, A., Shankar, T., Adhikari, R., Panda, M. and Sial, A. K. (2022). Growth and productivity of maize in response to straw mulch and nitrogen management. Crop Res. 57: 156-60.
Souza, R. C., Solly, E. F., Dawes, M. A., Graf, F., Hagedorn, F., Egli, S., Clement, C. R., Nagy, L., Rixen, C. and Peter, M. (2017). Responses of soil extracellular enzyme activities to experimental warming and CO2 enrichment at the alpine treeline. Plant Soil 416: 527-37. doi:10.1007/s11104-017-3235-8.
Sui, P., Tian, P., Lian, H., Wang, Z., Ma, Z., Qi, H., Mei, N., Sun, Y., Wang, Y., Su, Y., Meng, G. and Jiang, Y. (2020). Straw incorporation management affects maize grain yield through regulating nitrogen uptake, water use efficiency, and root distribution. Agronomy 10: doi:10. 3390/agronomy10030324.
Sun, L., Ma, X. Liu, K., Zheng, X. Zhang, X. and Rong, L. (2018). A review on research advances on microbial treatment and strengthening techniques of crop straw. J. Shenyang Univ. 30: 188-95.
Wang, X. Y., Zhao, S., Zheng, X. F., Wang, Z. H. and He, G. (2021). Effects of straw returning and nitrogen application rate on grain yield and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat. Sci. Agric. Sin. 23: 5043-53. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.23.010.
Wikipedia (2025). Urea. In Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea.
Wu, G., Ling, J., Liu, Z. X., Xu, Y. P., Chen, X. M., Wen, Y. and Zhou, S. L. (2022). Soil warming and straw return impacts on winter wheat phenology, photosynthesis, root growth, and grain yield in the North China Plain. Field Crops Res. 283: doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108545.
Wu, Y., Wang, P., Yu, S., Wang, L., Li, P., Li, Z., Mehmood, K., Liu, W., Wu, J., Lichtfouse, E., Rosenfeld, D. and Seinfeld, J. H. (2018). Residential emissions predicted as a major source of fine particulate matter in winter over the Yangtze River Delta, China. Environm. Chem, Lett. 16: 1117-27. doi:10.1007/s10311-018-0735-6.
Xu, X., Pang, D., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Zheng, M., Yin, Y., Li, Y., Li, Y. and Wang, Z. (2018). Straw return accompany with low nitrogen moderately promoted deep root. Field Crops Res. 221: 71-80. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2018.02.009.
Ye, W. P., Xie, X. L., Wang. K. R. and Li, Z. G. (2008). Effects of rice straw manuring in different periods on growth and yield of rice. Chin. J. Rice Sci. 22: 65–70 (in Chinese with English Abstract)
Yu, J., Hou, P., Gao, Q., Tan, Q., Jiang, D., Dai, T. and Tian, Z. (2024). Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer and straw management promote root extension and nitrogen uptake to improve grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 70: 1-17. doi:10.1080/03650340.2024.2316232.
Jhang, H., Bai, N., Zheng, X., Li, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., Zhou, S., Sun H. and Lyu, W. (2021). Effects of straw returning and fertilization on soil bacterial and fungal community structures and diversities in rice-wheat rotation soil. Chinese J. Eco-Agric. 29: 531-39. doi:10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.200502.
Zhang, M., Geng, Y., Cao, G., Zou, X., Qi, X. and Stephano, M. F. (2021). Effect of magnesium fertilizer combined with straw return on nitrogen use efficiency. Agronomy J. 113: 345-57. doi:10.1002/agj2.20483.
Zhang, R., Yu, H., Zhang, W., Li, W., Su, H., Wu, S., Xu, Q., Li, Y. and Yao, H. (2024). Straw return enhances grain yield and quality of three main crops: evidence from a meta-analysis. Front. Plant Sci. 15: doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1433220.
Zhang, X., Zhao, Z., Li, Y., Li, F., Sun, Y. and Cai, H. (2024). Meta-analysis of the effects of straw incorporation on maize yield and water use efficiency in china under different production conditions. Agronomy 14: doi:10.3390/agronomy14081784.
Zhao, S., He, P., Qiu, S., Jia, L., Liu, M., Jin, J. and Johnston, A. M. (2014). Long-term effects of potassium fertilization and straw return on soil potassium levels and crop yields in north-central China. Field Crops Res. 169: 116-22. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2014.09.017.