Aebi, H. (1984). Catalase in vitro. In Methods in enzymology. Academic press. 105: 121-26.
Basit, F., Bhat, J. A., Dong, Z., Mou, Q., Zhu, X., Wang, Y. and Ahmad, P. (2022). Chromium toxicity induced oxidative damage in two rice cultivars and its mitigation through external supplementation of brassinosteroids and spermine. Chemosphere 302: doi:10.1016/j. chemosphere.2022.134423.
Bücker-Neto, L., Paiva, A. L. S., Machado, R. D., Arenhart, R. A. and Margis-Pinheiro, M. (2017). Interactions between plant hormones and heavy metals responses. Genet. Mol. Biol. 40 (Suppl. 1): 373-86.
Carlberg, I. and Mannervik, B. (1985). Glutathione reductase. In: Methods in enzymology 113: 484-90.
Fatma, M., Masood, A., Per, T. S. and Khan, N. A. (2016). Nitric oxide alleviates salt stress inhibited photosynthetic performance by interacting with sulfur assimilation in mustard. Front. Plant Sci. 7: doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00521.
Gautam, M., Singh, A. K. and Johri, R. M. (2014). Effect of chromium toxicity on growth, chlorophyll and some macronutrients of Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum melongena. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 84: 1115-23.
Goupil, P., Souguir, D., Ferjani, E., Faure, O., Hitmi, A. and Ledoigt, G. (2009). Expression of stress-related genes in tomato plants exposed to arsenic and chromium in nutrient solution. J. Plant Physiol. 166: 1446-52.
Hossain, M. A., Bhattacharjee, S., Armin, S. M., Qian, P., Xin, W., Li, H. Y., Burritt, D. J., Fujita, M. and Tran, L. S. P. (2015). Hydrogen peroxide priming modulates abiotic oxidative stress tolerance: insights from ROS detoxification and scavenging. Front. Plant Sci. 6: doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00420.
Imran, M., Hussain, S., Iqbal, A., Saleem, M. H., Rehman, N., Mo, Z., Chen, Z. and Tang, X. (2023). Nitric oxide confers cadmium tolerance in fragrant rice by modulating physio-biochemical processes, yield attributes, and grain quality traits. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 261: doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115078.
Iskra, R. Y. and Fedoruk, R. S. (2022). Chromium, its properties, transformation, and impact on humans. Physiol. J. 68: 89-97. doi:10.15407/fz68.04.089.
Kaya, C., Polat, T., Ashraf, M., Kaushik, P., Alyemeni, M. N. and Ahmad, P. (2021). Endogenous nitric oxide and its potential sources regulate glutathione-induced cadmium stress tolerance in maize plants. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 167: 723-37.
Khatua, S. and Kumar Dey, S. (2023). The chemistry and toxicity of chromium pollution: an overview. Asian J. Agric. Hortic.l Res. 10: 1-14.
Kono, Y., Takahashi, M. A. and Asada, K. (1979). Superoxide dismutases from kidney bean leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. 20: 1229-35.
Kumari, R., Kapoor, P., Mir, B. A., Singh, M., Parrey, Z. A., Rakhra, G., Parihar, P., Khan, M. N. and Rakhra, G. (2024). Unlocking the versatility of Nitric Oxide in plants and insights into its molecular interplays under biotic and abiotic stress. Nitric Oxide. 150: 1-17. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2024.07.002.
Kumari, R., Khan, M. N., Parrey, Z. A., Kapoor, P., Mir, B. A., Taziun, T., Parihar, P. and Rakhra, G. (2025). Synergistic effects of hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide in enhancing salt stress tolerance in cucumber seeding. Physiol. Plant. 177: doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70109.
Kumari, R., Rakhra, G., Alsahli, A. A., Bhat, J. A. and Ahmad, P. (2025). Exploring the potential of signaling molecules hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide in augmenting salt stress resilience in bitter gourd. BMC Plant Biol. 25: 1-14.
Lichtenthaler, H. K. (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic bio-membranes. Methods Enzymol. 148: 350–82.
Liu, L., Huang, L., Sun, C., Wang, L., Jin, C. and Lin, X. (2021). Cross-talk between hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide during plant development and responses to stress. J. Agric. Food Chem. 69: 9485-97.
Monga, A., Fulke, A. B. and Dasgupta, D. (2022). Recent developments in essentiality of trivalent chromium and toxicity of hexavalent chromium: Implications on human health and remediation strategies. J. Hazard. Mater. Adv. 7: doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100113.
Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol. 22: 867-80.
Nawaz, M., Saleem, M. H., Khalid, M. R., Ali, B. and Fahad, S. (2024). Nitric oxide reduces cadmium uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by modulating growth, mineral uptake, yield attributes, and antioxidant profile. Environ. Sci. Pollu. Res. 31: 9844-56.
Nazir, F., Fariduddin, Q. and Khan, T. A. (2020). Hydrogen peroxide as a signalling molecule in plants and its crosstalk with other plant growth regulators under heavy metal stress. Chemosphere 252: doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126486.
Parbhakar, M., Guleria, P. and Kumar, V. (2025). Hydroponically exposed lead nitrate influenced growth, antioxidant and oxidative dynamics of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Crop Res. 60: 53-60.
Raja, V., Qadir, S. U., Kumar, N., Alsahli, A. A., Rinklebe, J. and Ahmad, P. (2023). Melatonin and strigolactone mitigate chromium toxicity through modulation of ascorbate-glutathione pathway and gene expression in tomato. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2023: doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107872.
Rashid, A., Schutte, B. J., Ulery, A., Deyholos, M. K., Sanogo, S., Lehnhoff, E. A. and Beck, L. (2023). Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soil: environmental pollutants affecting crop health. Agronomy 13: doi:10.3390/agronomy13061521.
Rysbaeva, Y., Lesova, Z., Akhmetova, A., Ayla, K. and Meiirman, S. (2025). Impact of various plant extracts on heavy metal uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Res. Crop. 26: 438-43.
Sachdev, S., Ansari, S. A., Ansari, M. I., Fujita, M. and Hasanuzzaman, M. (2021). Abiotic stress and reactive oxygen species: Generation, signaling, and defense mechanisms. Antioxidants 10: doi:10.3390/antiox10020277.
Saud, S., Wang, D., Fahad, S., Javed, T., Jaremko, M., Abdelsalam, N. R. and Ghareeb, R. Y. (2022). The impact of chromium on stress on plant growth, developmental physiology, and molecular regulation. Front. Plant Sci. 13: doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.994785.
Singh, D., Sharma, N. L., Singh, D., Siddiqui, M. H., Taunk, J., Sarkar, S. K., Rathore, A., Singh, C. K., Al-Amri, A. A., Alansi, A., Ali, H. M. and Rahman, M. A. (2023). Exogenous hydrogen sulfide alleviates chromium toxicity by modulating chromium, nutrients and reactive oxygen species accumulation, and antioxidant defence system in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) seedlings. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 200: doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107767.
Singh, S., Dubey, N. K. and Singh, V. P. (2022). Nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide independently act in mitigating chromium stress in Triticum aestivum L. seedlings: Regulation of cell death, chromium uptake, antioxidant system, sulfur assimilation and proline metabolism. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 183: 76-84.
Singh, V. P. and Maiti, R. K. (2022). A review on mineral nutrition of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Farm. Manage. 7: 93-109.
Wakeel, A., Xu, M. and Gan, Y. (2020). Chromium-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation by altering the enzymatic antioxidant system and associated cytotoxic, genotoxic, ultrastructural, and photosynthetic changes in plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci.21: doi:10.3390/ijms21030728.
Wang, W., Wang, X., Huang, M., Cai, J., Zhou, Q., Dai, T. and Jiang, D. (2021). Alleviation of field low-temperature stress in winter wheat by exogenous application of salicylic acid. J. Plant Growth Regul. 40: 811-23.
Wani, K. I., Naeem, M., Castroverde, C. D. M., Kalaji, H. M., Albaqami, M. and Aftab, T. (2021). Molecular mechanisms of nitric oxide (NO) signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis during abiotic stresses in plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22: doi:10.3390/ijms22179656.
Basit, F., Bhat, J. A., Dong, Z., Mou, Q., Zhu, X., Wang, Y. and Ahmad, P. (2022). Chromium toxicity induced oxidative damage in two rice cultivars and its mitigation through external supplementation of brassinosteroids and spermine. Chemosphere 302: doi:10.1016/j. chemosphere.2022.134423.
Bücker-Neto, L., Paiva, A. L. S., Machado, R. D., Arenhart, R. A. and Margis-Pinheiro, M. (2017). Interactions between plant hormones and heavy metals responses. Genet. Mol. Biol. 40 (Suppl. 1): 373-86.
Carlberg, I. and Mannervik, B. (1985). Glutathione reductase. In: Methods in enzymology 113: 484-90.
Fatma, M., Masood, A., Per, T. S. and Khan, N. A. (2016). Nitric oxide alleviates salt stress inhibited photosynthetic performance by interacting with sulfur assimilation in mustard. Front. Plant Sci. 7: doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00521.
Gautam, M., Singh, A. K. and Johri, R. M. (2014). Effect of chromium toxicity on growth, chlorophyll and some macronutrients of Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum melongena. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 84: 1115-23.
Goupil, P., Souguir, D., Ferjani, E., Faure, O., Hitmi, A. and Ledoigt, G. (2009). Expression of stress-related genes in tomato plants exposed to arsenic and chromium in nutrient solution. J. Plant Physiol. 166: 1446-52.
Hossain, M. A., Bhattacharjee, S., Armin, S. M., Qian, P., Xin, W., Li, H. Y., Burritt, D. J., Fujita, M. and Tran, L. S. P. (2015). Hydrogen peroxide priming modulates abiotic oxidative stress tolerance: insights from ROS detoxification and scavenging. Front. Plant Sci. 6: doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00420.
Imran, M., Hussain, S., Iqbal, A., Saleem, M. H., Rehman, N., Mo, Z., Chen, Z. and Tang, X. (2023). Nitric oxide confers cadmium tolerance in fragrant rice by modulating physio-biochemical processes, yield attributes, and grain quality traits. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 261: doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115078.
Iskra, R. Y. and Fedoruk, R. S. (2022). Chromium, its properties, transformation, and impact on humans. Physiol. J. 68: 89-97. doi:10.15407/fz68.04.089.
Kaya, C., Polat, T., Ashraf, M., Kaushik, P., Alyemeni, M. N. and Ahmad, P. (2021). Endogenous nitric oxide and its potential sources regulate glutathione-induced cadmium stress tolerance in maize plants. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 167: 723-37.
Khatua, S. and Kumar Dey, S. (2023). The chemistry and toxicity of chromium pollution: an overview. Asian J. Agric. Hortic.l Res. 10: 1-14.
Kono, Y., Takahashi, M. A. and Asada, K. (1979). Superoxide dismutases from kidney bean leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. 20: 1229-35.
Kumari, R., Kapoor, P., Mir, B. A., Singh, M., Parrey, Z. A., Rakhra, G., Parihar, P., Khan, M. N. and Rakhra, G. (2024). Unlocking the versatility of Nitric Oxide in plants and insights into its molecular interplays under biotic and abiotic stress. Nitric Oxide. 150: 1-17. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2024.07.002.
Kumari, R., Khan, M. N., Parrey, Z. A., Kapoor, P., Mir, B. A., Taziun, T., Parihar, P. and Rakhra, G. (2025). Synergistic effects of hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide in enhancing salt stress tolerance in cucumber seeding. Physiol. Plant. 177: doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70109.
Kumari, R., Rakhra, G., Alsahli, A. A., Bhat, J. A. and Ahmad, P. (2025). Exploring the potential of signaling molecules hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide in augmenting salt stress resilience in bitter gourd. BMC Plant Biol. 25: 1-14.
Lichtenthaler, H. K. (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic bio-membranes. Methods Enzymol. 148: 350–82.
Liu, L., Huang, L., Sun, C., Wang, L., Jin, C. and Lin, X. (2021). Cross-talk between hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide during plant development and responses to stress. J. Agric. Food Chem. 69: 9485-97.
Monga, A., Fulke, A. B. and Dasgupta, D. (2022). Recent developments in essentiality of trivalent chromium and toxicity of hexavalent chromium: Implications on human health and remediation strategies. J. Hazard. Mater. Adv. 7: doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100113.
Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol. 22: 867-80.
Nawaz, M., Saleem, M. H., Khalid, M. R., Ali, B. and Fahad, S. (2024). Nitric oxide reduces cadmium uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by modulating growth, mineral uptake, yield attributes, and antioxidant profile. Environ. Sci. Pollu. Res. 31: 9844-56.
Nazir, F., Fariduddin, Q. and Khan, T. A. (2020). Hydrogen peroxide as a signalling molecule in plants and its crosstalk with other plant growth regulators under heavy metal stress. Chemosphere 252: doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126486.
Parbhakar, M., Guleria, P. and Kumar, V. (2025). Hydroponically exposed lead nitrate influenced growth, antioxidant and oxidative dynamics of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Crop Res. 60: 53-60.
Raja, V., Qadir, S. U., Kumar, N., Alsahli, A. A., Rinklebe, J. and Ahmad, P. (2023). Melatonin and strigolactone mitigate chromium toxicity through modulation of ascorbate-glutathione pathway and gene expression in tomato. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2023: doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107872.
Rashid, A., Schutte, B. J., Ulery, A., Deyholos, M. K., Sanogo, S., Lehnhoff, E. A. and Beck, L. (2023). Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soil: environmental pollutants affecting crop health. Agronomy 13: doi:10.3390/agronomy13061521.
Rysbaeva, Y., Lesova, Z., Akhmetova, A., Ayla, K. and Meiirman, S. (2025). Impact of various plant extracts on heavy metal uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Res. Crop. 26: 438-43.
Sachdev, S., Ansari, S. A., Ansari, M. I., Fujita, M. and Hasanuzzaman, M. (2021). Abiotic stress and reactive oxygen species: Generation, signaling, and defense mechanisms. Antioxidants 10: doi:10.3390/antiox10020277.
Saud, S., Wang, D., Fahad, S., Javed, T., Jaremko, M., Abdelsalam, N. R. and Ghareeb, R. Y. (2022). The impact of chromium on stress on plant growth, developmental physiology, and molecular regulation. Front. Plant Sci. 13: doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.994785.
Singh, D., Sharma, N. L., Singh, D., Siddiqui, M. H., Taunk, J., Sarkar, S. K., Rathore, A., Singh, C. K., Al-Amri, A. A., Alansi, A., Ali, H. M. and Rahman, M. A. (2023). Exogenous hydrogen sulfide alleviates chromium toxicity by modulating chromium, nutrients and reactive oxygen species accumulation, and antioxidant defence system in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) seedlings. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 200: doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107767.
Singh, S., Dubey, N. K. and Singh, V. P. (2022). Nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide independently act in mitigating chromium stress in Triticum aestivum L. seedlings: Regulation of cell death, chromium uptake, antioxidant system, sulfur assimilation and proline metabolism. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 183: 76-84.
Singh, V. P. and Maiti, R. K. (2022). A review on mineral nutrition of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Farm. Manage. 7: 93-109.
Wakeel, A., Xu, M. and Gan, Y. (2020). Chromium-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation by altering the enzymatic antioxidant system and associated cytotoxic, genotoxic, ultrastructural, and photosynthetic changes in plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci.21: doi:10.3390/ijms21030728.
Wang, W., Wang, X., Huang, M., Cai, J., Zhou, Q., Dai, T. and Jiang, D. (2021). Alleviation of field low-temperature stress in winter wheat by exogenous application of salicylic acid. J. Plant Growth Regul. 40: 811-23.
Wani, K. I., Naeem, M., Castroverde, C. D. M., Kalaji, H. M., Albaqami, M. and Aftab, T. (2021). Molecular mechanisms of nitric oxide (NO) signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis during abiotic stresses in plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22: doi:10.3390/ijms22179656.
